T. Letcher - Storing Energy

Storing Energy with Special Reference to Renewable Energy Sources
by Trevor Letcher

No. of pages: 590
Language: English
Copyright: © Elsevier 2016
Published: April 11, 2016



Energy Storage discusses the needs of the world’s future energy and climate change policies, covering the various types of renewable energy storage in one comprehensive volume that allows readers to conveniently compare the different technologies and find the best process that suits their particularly needs. Each chapter is written by an expert working in the field and includes copious references for those wishing to study the subject further. Various systems are discussed, including mechanical/kinetic, thermal, electrochemical and other chemical, as well as other emerging technologies. Incorporating the advancements in storing energy as described in this book will help the people of the world further overcome the problems related to future energy and climate change.

Key Features
Covers most types of energy storage that is being considered today, and allows comparisons to be made
Each chapter is written by a world expert in the field, providing the latest developments is this fast moving and vital field
Covers technical, environmental, social and political aspects related to the storing of energy and in particular renewable energy

About the Editor

Professor Letcher was Professor of Chemistry, and Head of Department in South Africa (University of the Witwatersrand, Rhodes University and Natal) (1969 -2004). He has published over 300 papers on chemical thermodynamic topics in peer reviewed journals; and 100 papers in popular science and education journals. He has edited and written 28 books ranging from Future Energy Climate Change, Storing Energy, Wind Energy, Solar Energy, Managing Global Warming and Unraveling Environmental Disasters. He has been awarded gold medals by the South African Institute of Chemistry and the South African Association for the Advancement of Science. He is currently Emeritus Professor at the University of KwaZulu-Natal, South Africa and living in the United Kingdom.

Table of Contents
List of Contributors
Preface
Part A: Introduction
Chapter 1: The Role of Energy Storage in Low-Carbon Energy Systems
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. The need for new types of storage
3. Storage technologies
4. Comparing storage systems
5. Challenges for energy storage
6. Conclusions
Part B: Electrical Energy Storage Techniques Gravitational/Mechanical/Thermomechanical
Chapter 2: Pumped Hydroelectric Storage
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Pros and cons
3. Historical development
4. Prospects
Chapter 3: Novel Hydroelectric Storage Concepts
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Piston-in-cylinder electrical energy storage
3. Energy membrane–underground pumped hydro storage
4. Novel land-based and seabed pumped hydro configurations
5. Offshore lagoon and island storage systems
6. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Chapter 4: Advanced Rail Energy Storage: Green Energy Storage for Green Energy
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Market for utility-scale energy storage
3. How much storage is needed for renewable energy?
4. Value and storage market
5. Competitive storage technologies
6. Advanced Rail Energy Storage
7. ARES operational control system
8. Advantages of ARES
9. Potential sites in the Southwestern United States
10. ARES Pilot and First Commercial Project
11. Conclusions
Acknowledgment
Chapter 5: Compressed Air Energy Storage
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. CAES: modes of operation and basic principles
3. Air containment for CAES
4. System configurations and plant concepts
5. Performance metrics
6. Integrating CAES with generation or consumption
7. Concluding remarks
Chapter 6: Compressed Air Energy Storage in Underground Formations
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Mode of operation
3. Plant concept
4. Underground Storage
5. Conclusions
Chapter 7: Underwater Compressed Air Energy Storage
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Storage vessels for UWCAES
3. Anchorage and installation
4. System configurations
5. Locations
6. Cost and efficiency
7. State of development
8. Concluding remarks
Chapter 8: A Novel Pumped Hydro Combined with Compressed Air Energy
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Storage system
3. Characteristics of a PHCA system
4. A Novel constant pressure PHCA energy storage system
5. The influences of work density
6. Energy and exergy analysis
7. Simulation analysis
Chapter 9: Liquid Air Energy Storage
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Energy and exergy densities of liquid air
3. Liquid air as both a storage medium and an efficient working fluid
4. Applications of LAES through integration
5. Technical and economic comparison of LAES with other energy storage technologies
Chapter 10: Flywheels
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Physics
3. History
4. The design of modern flywheels
5. Cost and comparison with other technologies
6. Applications
7. Outlook
Acknowledgments
Part C: Electrochemical
Chapter 11: Rechargeable Batteries with Special Reference to Lithium-Ion Batteries
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Physical fundamentals of battery storage
3. Development of lithium-ion battery storage systems
4. System integration
5. Conclusions
Chapter 12: Vanadium Redox Flow Batteries
Abstract
1. Introduction and historic development
2. The function of the VRFB
3. Electrolytes of VRFB
4. VRFB versus other battery types
5. Application of VRFB
6. Recycling, environment, safety, and availability
7. Other flow batteries
Part D: Thermal
Chapter 13: Phase Change Materials
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Heat storage at subambient temperatures
3. Heat storage at ambient temperature
4. Heat storage at moderate temperatures
5. Heat storage at high temperatures
6. Heat transfer in PCM-based thermal storage systems
7. Gaps in knowledge
8. Outlook
Chapter 14: Solar Ponds
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Types of solar ponds
3. Investment and operational cost
4. Applications of solar ponds
Chapter 15: Sensible Thermal Energy Storage: Diurnal and Seasonal
Abstract
1. Introduction: storing thermal energy
2. Design of the thermal storage and thermal stratification
3. Modeling of sensible heat storage
4. Second Law analysis of thermal energy storage
5. Solar thermal energy storage systems
6. Cold thermal energy storage
7. Seasonal storage
8. Concluding remarks
Part E: Chemical
Chapter 16: Hydrogen From Water Electrolysis
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Hydrogen as an energy vector and basic principles of water electrolysis
3. Hydrogen production via water electrolysis
4. Strategies for storing energy in hydrogen
5. Technology demonstrations utilizing hydrogen as an energy storage medium
6. Emerging technologies and outlook
Chapter 17: Thermochemical Energy Storage
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Physical fundamentals of thermochemical energy storage
3. Storage materials
4. Thermochemical storage concepts
5. Selected examples
Chapter 18: Power-to-Gas
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Dynamic electrolyzer as a core part of power- to-gas plants
3. Methanation processes within power-to-gas
4. Multifunctional applications of the power- to-gas system
5. Underground gas storage in the context of power-to-gas
Acknowledgment
Chapter 19: Traditional Bulk Energy Storage—Coal and Underground Natural Gas and Oil Storage
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Coal
3. Oil
4. Natural gas storage
5. Conclusions
Chapter 20: Larger Scale Hydrogen Storage
Abstract
1. Hydrogen economy—from the original idea to today’s concept
2. Why use hydrogen storage to compensate for fluctuating renewables?
3. Hydrogen in the chemical industry
4. Options for large-scale underground gas storage
5. Underground hydrogen storage in detail
Part F: Integration
Chapter 21: Energy Storage Integration
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Energy policy and markets
3. Energy storage planning
4. Energy storage operation
5. Demonstration projects
6. Integrated modeling approach
Chapter 22: Off-Grid Energy Storage
Abstract
1. Introduction: the challenges of energy storage
2. Why is off-grid energy important?
3. Battery technologies and applications
4. Dealing with renewable variability
5. The emergence of minigrids and microgrids
6. Energy storage in island contexts
7. Bring clean energy to the poor
8. The way forward: cost–structure evolution
9. International examples
10. Conclusions
Part G: International Issues and the Politics of Introducing Renewable Energy Schemes
Chapter 23: Energy Storage Worldwide
Abstract
1. Introduction: the energy storage challenge
2. Barriers to development and deployment
3. Case studies
4. Lessons for the development of storage
5. Conclusions
Chapter 24: Storing Energy in China—An Overview
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Imperativeness and applications
3. Technical and development status
4. Summary and prospects
5. Conclusions and remarks
Acknowledgment
Chapter 25: The Politics of Investing in Sustainable Energy Systems
Abstract
1. Introduction
2. Sustainable energy systems policy and politics
3. Implications for investment in sustainable energy systems
4. Technology selection
5. Transition
6. Global implications
7. The circular economy
8. Conclusions
Subject Index